Zimbabwe and Zambia find themselves ensnared in a precarious predicament, grappling with the harsh realities of climate change and the pressing need for sustainable energy solutions. President Mnangagwa, speaking at COP29 in Azerbaijan, highlighted the double burden faced by developing nations. These countries are not only enduring the immediate impacts of climate change—like the alarming drop in output from the Kariba power stations, which currently operate at a mere 12 percent of their capacity—but they are also tasked with the daunting challenge of financing renewable energy initiatives to fuel their economic aspirations.
The President’s remarks at both the World Leaders Climate Action Summit and the High-Level Roundtable on Energy underscore a critical point: the urgent need for substantial investment in infrastructure and energy systems. As he pointed out, many developing nations contribute minimally to global greenhouse gas emissions yet bear the brunt of climate-related disasters. This stark reality calls for a reevaluation of how global funding mechanisms operate, especially regarding the promised support that has yet to materialize.
Zimbabwe has made strides in creating an investment-friendly environment, particularly in areas like irrigation and dam construction, which are essential to counteract the severe droughts plaguing the region. The government has also reformed investment regulations for new power stations, particularly solar energy facilities. Although progress is being made, with deals signed and construction underway, the flow of investment remains insufficient. Private sector involvement is crucial, but it must be complemented by robust state funding and international financial support.
UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres echoed this sentiment, emphasizing the necessity for at least US$40 billion annually to assist developing nations in combating climate change. President Mnangagwa’s commitment to transitioning to green energy sources is commendable, but as he rightly noted, this transition cannot rely solely on domestic resources. The need for global partnerships and access to funding is more pressing than ever.
The situation is further complicated by the historical context of the Kariba Dam, built in the late 1950s. Once a beacon of renewable energy, it now struggles to meet the electricity demands of Zimbabwe and Zambia. The power stations, which should ideally generate around 1000MW each, are limping along at a combined output of just 124.5MW. This is a far cry from the energy needs of both nations, forcing Zimbabwe to depend on coal-fired power from Hwange Thermal, while Zambia faces an even graver energy crisis as its Kafue hydro stations are similarly afflicted by drought.
The potential for new hydro projects along the Zambezi River remains stalled, highlighting the urgent need for diversified energy solutions beyond traditional hydroelectric power. Given the variability of wind energy in the region, solar power emerges as the most viable renewable resource. The technology is available, and costs are decreasing, yet the capital required for large-scale solar installations and the accompanying battery storage systems is significant. This necessitates partnerships with investors who have the financial muscle to back such ambitious projects.
Moreover, as Zimbabwe looks to industrialize sustainably, the focus must also be on technology transfers and skill development. The urgency of the climate crisis has never been clearer, with 2023 on track to become the hottest year on record. The time for half-hearted measures has passed; a united global response is essential. Developing nations must not only adapt to the current realities but also innovate in ways that align with green energy principles. This is not merely a challenge but an opportunity for the world to act decisively and collaboratively to mitigate the impacts of climate change while fostering sustainable economic development.