As the world pivots towards renewable energy sources, the power grid is undergoing a profound transformation. Traditional power systems, dominated by synchronous generators, are making way for inverter-based resources (IBRs) like wind and solar power. This shift, while necessary for combating climate change, introduces complex challenges in grid stability, resilience, and synchronization. Enter Grid-Forming (GFM) control techniques, a promising solution that could redefine the future of modern power systems and microgrids.
A comprehensive review published in the journal *Energies*, led by Paul Arévalo of SYSTEC-ARISE and the University of Porto, sheds light on the principles and applications of GFM control techniques. The study, which synthesized 75 research papers published between 2015 and 2025 using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, offers a systematic evaluation of GFM strategies, their performance under varying operational scenarios, and the persistent challenges they aim to address.
“The transition from synchronous to non-synchronous grids necessitates advanced control strategies,” Arévalo explains. “GFM control techniques have emerged as an effective solution for ensuring stable operations in microgrids and large-scale power systems with high IBRs integration.”
The review highlights several key challenges, including grid stability, inertia emulation, and fault ride-through capabilities. These are critical aspects that must be addressed to ensure the reliable operation of modern power systems. The study also examines real-world implementations of GFM technology, such as the UK’s National Grid Pathfinder Program and Australia’s Hornsdale Power Reserve. These projects demonstrate the practical applications of GFM inverters and battery energy storage systems in enhancing grid stability and frequency regulation.
The commercial implications of this research are significant. As the energy sector continues to integrate more renewable energy sources, the need for advanced control strategies like GFM will only grow. This research provides a roadmap for developers and operators, highlighting the potential of GFM techniques to address the challenges posed by the transition to a non-synchronous grid.
Arévalo’s work not only underscores the importance of GFM control techniques but also sets the stage for future developments in the field. By understanding the principles and applications of these techniques, the energy sector can better navigate the complexities of modern power systems and microgrids.
As the world continues to grapple with the impacts of climate change, the insights provided by this research will be invaluable in shaping the future of energy. The systematic review published in *Energies* serves as a crucial resource for professionals in the energy sector, offering a comprehensive overview of GFM control techniques and their potential to revolutionize the way we manage and distribute power.