In the quest for sustainable energy solutions, researchers have turned their attention to green ammonia, a promising zero-carbon fuel and energy carrier. A recent study published in the journal *Fuel* (formerly known as ‘Fuels’) has shed light on the economic viability of flexible, renewable ammonia production in Italy, offering insights that could resonate across the global energy sector.
The study, led by Cecilia Pistolesi from the Unit of Process Engineering at the University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, delves into the intricacies of producing ammonia through the Haber-Bosch process using green hydrogen and nitrogen derived from alkaline electrolysis and cryogenic air separation, respectively. The research team conducted a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to evaluate the levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA), considering various key parameters such as renewable source peak power, Haber-Bosch reactor flexibility, energy mix, and electrochemical and hydrogen storage.
One of the standout findings of the study is that a wind-driven system with minimal battery storage and a flexibility factor of 20% offers the most cost-effective solution. However, this setup results in a scaled-down production of 64 tons per day (tpd). “The optimal LCOA for green ammonia production is approximately $0.59 per kilogram in 2050,” Pistolesi noted. “This cost could be competitive with grey ammonia, provided that a carbon emission allowance of $0.12 per kilogram of CO2 is applied.”
The research highlights the importance of flexibility in the production process. With the 2030 cost structure, battery storage emerges as a better integration option with wind systems and flexible operation, even at low levels of turndown. This flexibility is crucial for adapting to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and ensuring consistent ammonia production.
The implications of this study are significant for the energy sector. As the world moves towards decarbonization, green ammonia presents a viable alternative to conventional, fossil fuel-based ammonia production. The findings suggest that with the right process design and flexibility, green ammonia production can be economically competitive, paving the way for broader adoption of this sustainable energy solution.
“This research provides a roadmap for the energy sector to transition towards more sustainable and flexible production methods,” Pistolesi explained. “By optimizing the use of renewable energy sources and incorporating flexible operation strategies, we can make green ammonia a competitive and viable option for the future.”
As the energy sector continues to evolve, the insights from this study could shape future developments in green ammonia production, influencing policy decisions and industry practices. The journey towards a sustainable energy future is complex, but research like this brings us one step closer to achieving our goals.