The rapid expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) is transforming the automotive industry, but it’s also creating a significant challenge: what to do with the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) once they reach the end of their life. A recent systematic review published in the journal *Batteries* (translated from Italian) sheds light on the progress, challenges, and opportunities in recycling these batteries, offering valuable insights for the energy sector.
Led by Hamid Safarzadeh of the LAR5 Laboratory at the University of Perugia in Italy, the review analyzed 23 studies published between 2020 and April 2025. The research focused on recycling methods, material recovery processes, and the impact of recycled batteries on power generation and grid stability.
The study highlights significant advancements in hydrometallurgical and direct recycling processes, which have improved recovery rates for critical metals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. “These methods are not only enhancing material recovery but also contributing to the circular economy by reducing the need for virgin materials,” Safarzadeh explained.
One of the most promising findings is the potential of second-life battery applications. These repurposed batteries can play a crucial role in stabilizing power grids and storing renewable energy. “Second-life batteries offer a sustainable solution for grid stabilization and renewable energy integration, extending their utility beyond their initial use in EVs,” Safarzadeh noted.
However, the review also identifies several challenges that need to be addressed. Policy harmonization, technology scaling, and economic viability are key areas that require attention. “Building a circular battery economy demands integrated efforts across sectors and regions,” Safarzadeh emphasized.
The commercial implications for the energy sector are substantial. As the demand for EVs continues to grow, so does the need for effective battery recycling solutions. The insights from this review can guide policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers in developing strategies that minimize environmental impact and support energy resilience.
The research underscores the importance of recycling in addressing raw material scarcity and promoting sustainable material recovery. By advancing recycling technologies and integrating second-life applications, the energy sector can move towards a more sustainable and circular future.
As the world transitions to cleaner energy sources, the findings from this review offer a roadmap for leveraging recycled batteries to enhance grid stability and support renewable energy integration. The journey towards a circular battery economy is complex, but the progress highlighted in this review provides a hopeful outlook for the future.