Italy’s bold pivot towards nuclear energy, almost four decades after a public referendum banned it, is set to reshape the country’s energy landscape and challenge the status quo in Europe. The Italian government’s recent approval of a law to reintroduce nuclear power, spearheaded by Minister Gilberto Pichetto, signals a strategic shift towards advanced modular reactors (AMRs) and a commitment to decarbonisation. This move, while controversial, could catalyse a broader debate on nuclear power’s role in Europe’s energy transition.
Pichetto’s assertion that “with the latest generation nuclear, together with renewables – we will be able to achieve the objectives of decarbonisation, guaranteeing the full energy security of the country” underscores Italy’s ambition to leverage nuclear power for energy security and sustainability. The law mandates a detailed roadmap for this transition, with a completion deadline of 2027. This timeline is ambitious, given the complexities of nuclear energy deployment, but it reflects Italy’s urgency in addressing climate change and energy security.
The potential cost savings are substantial. By 2050, Italy could save €17bn ($17.69bn) on decarbonisation costs if nuclear power comprises at least 11% of the energy mix, with the possibility of this portion rising to 22%. These savings could be reinvested into other green technologies or used to support families and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) amidst rising energy costs. The government’s recent announcement of a $3bn package to support families and SMEs underscores this commitment. Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini’s emphasis on the urgency of this package, given escalating gas prices, highlights the immediate economic pressures driving this energy transition.
The law also outlines the operation of new nuclear modules, commissions scientific research on necessary technologies, and facilitates the dismantling of old nuclear plants. The establishment of an independent authority to oversee the sector is a critical step towards ensuring transparency and safety. This regulatory framework could serve as a model for other European countries grappling with similar energy challenges.
Italy’s discussions with companies such as US-based Westinghouse and France’s EDF, along with the potential formation of a state-backed company involving Enel, Ansaldo, and Leonardo, indicate a strategic approach to nuclear energy deployment. These partnerships could accelerate the development and deployment of advanced nuclear technologies, positioning Italy at the forefront of nuclear innovation in Europe.
However, this shift is not without controversy. Nuclear power remains a contentious issue, with concerns about safety, waste management, and the potential for accidents. The Italian public’s historical opposition to nuclear power, as evidenced by the 1987 referendum, could resurface, posing a significant political challenge. The government must navigate these concerns carefully, ensuring robust public engagement and transparency throughout the process.
Moreover, Italy’s decision could influence the broader European energy landscape. As the EU grapples with its own energy transition, Italy’s move towards nuclear power could spur other countries to reconsider their nuclear policies. This could lead to a more diverse and resilient energy mix across Europe, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and enhancing energy security.
The potential for nuclear power to decarbonise Italy’s most polluting industries is also significant. By integrating nuclear energy into its industrial sector, Italy could achieve substantial emissions reductions, aligning with its climate goals. This could set a precedent for other industrialised nations seeking to decarbonise their economies.
In summary, Italy’s reintroduction of nuclear power is a bold and strategic move that could reshape its energy landscape and influence broader European energy policies. The potential benefits, including cost savings, energy security, and decarbonisation, are substantial. However, the government must address public concerns and ensure a transparent, safe, and efficient transition to nuclear power. The coming years will be crucial in determining the success of this ambitious energy strategy.
